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Drug dependence (addiction) is compulsive use of a substance despite negative consequences which can be severe; drug abuse is simply excessive use of a drug or use of a drug for purposes for which it was not medically intended. Physical dependence on a substance (needing a drug to function) is not necessary or sufficient to define addiction. There are some substances that don't cause addiction but do cause physical dependence (for example, some blood pressure medications) and substances that cause addiction but not classic physical dependence (cocaine withdrawal, for example, doesn't have symptoms like vomiting and chills; it is mainly characterized by depression). Causes, incidence, and risk factors Drug abuse can lead to drug dependence or addiction. Drug dependence may also follow the use of drugs for physical pain relief, though this is rare in people without a previous history of addiction. The exact cause of drug abuse and dependence is not known. However, the genetic make-up of the individual, the pharmacology of the particular drug, peer pressure, emotional distress, anxiety, depression, and environmental stress are all factors which seem to be involved. Risk factors that predispose people to drug dependence are different from those that predispose to use or abuse. Peer pressure may lead to use or abuse, but at least half of those who go on to addiction have depression, attention-deficit disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder or another psychological problem. Children who grow
up in an environment of illicit drug use may first see their parents using
drugs. This may put them at a higher risk for developing an addiction later in
life for both environmental and genetic reasons.
Symptoms OPIATES AND NARCOTICS: Symptoms of use:
Symptoms of withdrawal:
Symptoms of cocaine use:
Symptoms of cocaine withdrawal:
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS Symptoms of alcohol use:
Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal:
HALLUCINOGENS Symptoms of LSD use:
Signs and tests Toxicology screens (drug testing) done on blood and urine specimens can reveal the presence of many chemicals and drugs in the body. The sensitivity depends upon the substance itself, when the substance was taken, and the testing laboratory. Blood tests are more likely to detect the presence of an abused substance than urine tests, however, urine drug screens are more frequently done. Opiates and narcotics are usually present in the urine 12 to 36 hours after the last use, depending on the amount used and the frequency. CNS stimulants such as cocaine can be detected in urine anywhere between 1 to 12 days, again depending in frequency of use. CNS depressants such as Valium and Xanax are detected up to 7 days after the last day of use, mostly depending on the substance used and how quickly it is eliminated by the body (half-life). Most hallucinogens are also detectable in the urine up to 7 days after the last use. However, cannabis can be detected up to 28 days in regular users. Treatment Treatment for the person with drug abuse or dependence begins with the recognition of the problem. Though previously "denial" was considered a symptom of addiction, recent research has shown that this symptom can be dramatically reduced if addicts are treated with empathy and respect, rather than told what to do or "confronted." Treatment of drug
dependency involves detoxification, support and abstinence . Emergency treatment
may be indicated for acute intoxication or drug overdose. Often, there may be a
loss of consciousness and the person may need to be on a mechanical respirator
temporarily. The specific treatment depends on the drug. Rehabilitation is the process that occurs after detoxification and is often needed to prevent relapse. Inpatient and outpatient programs are available. Individual, group, or family therapy is usually part of this process, and may continue for a month or longer. Information/support may also be sought from local 12-step groups, such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA), which you can locate through your phone directory or online. There are also
alternative programs for those who do not like or do not do well in 12-step
programs. These include SMART Recovery, Women For Sobriety and LifeRing Recovery
which can also be found online. Aftercare often involves life-long abstinence from drug abuse. Self-help groups such as Narcotics Anonymous can offer support. For heroin addicts, long-term methadone maintenance is the treatment with the best track record of cutting relapse, improving functioning and restoring health. |
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